Ultra DCP powder with images of cow, sheep and goat on the pack.

Ultra DCP

Ezatullah Mangal Cattle, Poultry, Sheep & Goat, Veterinary Medicines

ULTRA DCP

Pharmacological Aspects of Di calcium Phosphate (DCP) in Animal Nutrition

Di calcium Phosphate (DCP) is a widely used mineral supplement in animal feed, particularly for livestock like cattle, poultry, and sheep. It provides essential calcium and phosphorus, two critical minerals required for various physiological processes. Understanding the pharmacology of DCP in animal nutrition involves analyzing its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and physiological effects. Below is a comprehensive look at the pharmacological aspects of DCP:

Pharmacodynamics of Di calcium Phosphate

Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of the effects of DCP on the body, focusing on how it works and interacts with the biological systems of animals.

Mechanism of Action: Di calcium phosphate is an ionic compound that dissociates into calcium (Ca²⁺) and phosphate (PO₄³⁻) ions in the digestive system. These ions are essential for several physiological functions, such as bone and teeth formation, energy metabolism, and nerve function.
Calcium (Ca²⁺): Calcium is vital for bone mineralization, muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. It also plays a role in enzyme activation and cellular processes.
Phosphorus (PO₄³⁻): Phosphorus is a major component of nucleic acids, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and phospholipids, which are essential for cellular energy and structural integrity.
Therapeutic Effects: DCP supports optimal bone health, muscle function, and growth in livestock. It also improves reproduction and milk production in dairy cattle by maintaining calcium levels crucial for lactation. It reduces the risk of bone deformities and ensures proper development of the skeletal system in young animals.
Side Effects and Risks: While DCP is generally safe, excessive intake can lead to hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hyperphosphatemia (high phosphorus levels), leading to kidney dysfunction, mineral imbalances, and soft tissue calcification. Proper dosing is essential to avoid these adverse effects.
Pharmacokinetics of Di calcium Phosphate

Pharmacokinetics studies how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes DCP once it is administered.

Absorption: DCP is typically absorbed in the small intestine, where calcium and phosphate ions are taken up by specialized transporters. The absorption is influenced by factors such as the animal’s age, dietary composition, and the presence of other nutrients like vitamin D, which enhances calcium absorption.
Distribution: Once absorbed, calcium and phosphate are distributed throughout the body. Calcium is primarily found in bones and teeth, while phosphorus is a key component of ATP and phospholipids in cells. Both minerals are present in extracellular fluids, where they play a role in maintaining pH balance and electrolyte homeostasis.
Metabolism: Calcium is tightly regulated in the body. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin regulate calcium levels in the blood by controlling its release from bones and reabsorption in the kidneys. Phosphorus metabolism is also controlled by the kidneys, which regulate its excretion and reabsorption based on dietary intake and calcium levels.
Excretion: The kidneys primarily excrete excess calcium and phosphorus. If there is an overload of these minerals in the body, the kidneys filter and excrete them to maintain proper balance. However, chronic excess intake of DCP can strain renal function.
Clinical Pharmacology of Di calcium Phosphate in Animal Nutrition

Clinical pharmacology focuses on the application of DCP in livestock care and how it contributes to the overall health and productivity of animals.

Nutritional Support: DCP provides essential calcium and phosphorus, supporting the growth, skeletal development, and overall health of animals. It is particularly important for pregnant or lactating dairy cows and growing animals that require higher amounts of these minerals.
Reproductive Health: Adequate calcium and phosphorus are vital for proper reproductive function in livestock. DCP supplementation helps ensure normal reproductive cycles, reducing the risk of reproductive failure and improving fertility rates.
Milk Production: In dairy cattle, DCP plays a key role in improving milk production. Calcium is required for milk synthesis, and DCP helps maintain calcium levels that are crucial during lactation. Adequate phosphorus also ensures efficient energy metabolism, which supports milk production.
Safety and Toxicology of Dicalcium Phosphate

Toxicology studies the potential harmful effects of DCP when administered in excess and the safety margins for its use in animal feed.

Toxicity of Calcium and Phosphorus:
Hypercalcemia (High Calcium Levels): Excess calcium can lead to kidney stones, soft tissue calcification, and reduced bone strength due to impaired bone remodeling.
Hyperphosphatemia (High Phosphorus Levels): Excess phosphorus can cause calcification of soft tissues, including the kidneys, leading to renal failure.
Safety Margins: The toxicity of DCP depends on the balance between calcium and phosphorus in the animal’s diet. The recommended dietary calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is typically 2:1. In livestock feed formulations, DCP should be added in carefully controlled amounts to avoid mineral imbalances.
Prophylactic Use of Dicalcium Phosphate

Prophylactic pharmacology involves using DCP to prevent deficiencies and diseases related to calcium and phosphorus imbalance.

Bone Disorders Prevention: DCP is often used to prevent rickets, osteoma Lacia, and other bone-related disorders caused by calcium or phosphorus deficiencies. It helps ensure that livestock, especially young animals and lactating cows, maintain proper skeletal development.
Support for Reproductive Health: Preventing calcium and phosphorus deficiencies also helps avoid issues like milk fever in dairy cows, which occurs due to low blood calcium levels around parturition.
Improving Performance: DCP supplementation is a preventative measure to enhance growth rates and production in livestock. It improves the overall health, vitality, and performance of animals by ensuring they have sufficient minerals to carry out vital physiological processes.
Experimental Pharmacology in Di calcium Phosphate Use

Experimental pharmacology focuses on researching the potential benefits and risks of DCP in animal nutrition through controlled studies.

Animal Trials: Clinical trials on livestock demonstrate that DCP supplementation improves bone density, milk production, and overall health, especially in dairy cows and growing calves. These trials also monitor the safety and efficacy of DCP under various conditions.

Dose Optimization Studies: Research is ongoing to determine the optimal doses of DCP required for different species and production systems, ensuring that livestock receive the correct amount of calcium and phosphorus for optimal growth and productivity.

Tylo Genxaphen injection bottle and box in dark blue color standing next to each other it is 50ml vial.

Tylo Genxhapen Injection

Ezatullah Mangal Cattle, Injection, Sheep & Goat, Veterinary Medicines

Tylo Genxhapen Injection:
Composition:
10ml contains:
Tylosin…………….1500mg
Gentamycin……………….50 mg
Dexamethasone………….0.265mg
Chlorpheniromine………….75mg
Indications:
For the treatment and prevention of infections caused by tylosin and/or gentamicin sensitive microorganisms. Respiratory infections (pneumonia, bronchopneumonia), mastitis, foot rot, erysipelas, endometritis, arthritis, gastrointestinal infections in general. The dexamethasone provides an anti-inflammatory, antistress and glucogeogenic effect. The chorphenamine, as an antihistaminic, reduces allergic signs.
Dosage and Administration:
Large animals: 1ml/15 kg of b.w. every 24 hours for 3 consecutive days by deep intramuscular route.
Poultry: 1ml/6 kg
Apply through subcutaneous or intramuscular route.
Withdrawal period:
Meat: 21 days after the last application.
Milk: 4 days after the last application.
Storage:
Seal and protect from light.
Keep out of reach of children.
Packaging
10ml/bottle

Terramycin LA Injection

Ezatullah Mangal Cattle, Injection, Sheep & Goat, Veterinary Medicines

Terramycin LA Injection

Active Ingredients:

Oxytetracycline 20% is indicated in cattle, horse sheep and goat diseases. Many of the pathogens involved in animal disease are known to be susceptible to oxytetracycline such as digestive, skin, lungs, urogenital and septicemic pathogens.

Dosage:

Administer by deep intramuscular injection at a single dose rate of 1ml per 10 kg of body weight.

This dosage can be repeated after 48 hours when necessary. It is recommended in cattle that not more than 5ml, be injected at any on site. In young lambs for the short-term control of tick born fever and tick pyoemia a 2ml dose should be used per lamb.

Caution:

Occasi and sensitivity reaction to oxytetracycline have been known to occur. In such cases, administer epinephrine immediately.

Withdrawal time: Meat: 14 days, Milk 72 hours. 

Terramycin Gold LA bottle and box injection.

Terramycin Gold LA

Ezatullah Mangal Cattle, Sheep & Goat, Veterinary Medicines

Terramycin Gold La

Composition:

Each ml contains: Oxytetracycline 300mg and Flunixin meglumine 20mg.

Indications:

For the control and treatment of infectious diseases of cattle caused by or associated with organism’s sensitive to oxytetracycline, where concurrent analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic or antipyretic therapy is desired.

The product is especially indicated for the treatment of respiratory disease (particularly that associated with Mannheimia and Pasteurella infection) and acute mastitis (in conjunction with appropriate intermammary therapy).

Administration and Dosage:

For intramuscular injection.

Cattle: one dose: 1ml/15-30 kg body weight daily.

Adverse Reactions:

Prolonged use of NSAIDs, including flunixin, may predispose or lead to gastrointestinal ulceration.

Reports of adverse reactions associated with oxytetracycline administration include injection site swelling, restlessness, ataxia, trembling, swelling of eyelids, ears, muzzle, anus and vulva (or scrotum and sheath in males), respiratory abnormalities (labored breathing,), frothing at the mouth, collapse and possibly death. Some of these reactions may be attributed either to anaphylaxis (an allergic reaction) or to cardiovascular collapse of unknown cause.

Special Warnings:

Do not administer other NSAIDs concurrently or within 24 hours of each other.

Do not inject more than 20 ml intramuscularly at a single site.

Withdrawal Period:

Meat: 28 days.

Do not use in cattle producing milk for human consumption.

Storage:

Seal and protect from light in a cool place. Keep out of reach of children.  

Shelf Life:

3 Years.

 

Sulphadimidine Boluses Box and Tablet pack.

Sulphadimidine Bolus

Ezatullah Mangal Cattle, Sheep & Goat, Veterinary Medicines

Sulphadimidine Bolus

Composition:

Each bolus contains sulphadimidine 600mg.

Clinical Pharmacology:

Sulphadimidine bolus has a wide range of antimicrobial activity against both positive and gram-negative bacteria. In general sulfonamides exert only bacteriostatic effect, and cellular and humoral defense mechanism of the host are essential for the final eradication of the infection.

Sulphadimidine is a structural analog and competitive antagonistic of Para-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) thus prevent normal bacteria utilization of PABA for the synthesis of folic acid. More specifically sulfadimidine is competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthetize, the bacteria enzyme responsible for the incorporation of PABA into dihydropteroic acid, the immediate precursor of folic acid. Sensitive micro-organisms are that synthesize, their own folic acid, bacteria that can utilize performed folate are not affected.Bacteriostasis induced by sulphadimidine bolus do not affect mammalian cells by these mechanisms, since they require performed folic acid cannot synthesize it.

Pharmacokinetics:

All sulfonamides are bound in varying degree to plasma proteins, particularly to albumin. The extent to which this occur is determined by the hydrophobicity of a particular drug and its Pka; at physiological pH, drugs with a high Pka exhibit a low degree of protein binding and vice versa.

Sulphadimidine is distributed throughout all tissues of body; readily pass through the placenta and each the fetal circulation. The concentration attained in the fetal tissue are sufficient to cause both antibacterial and toxic effects.

Sulphadimidine is eliminated from the body partly as the unchanged drug and partly as the metabolic products.

The largest fraction is excreted in the urine, and the half-life of sulphadimidine in the body is thus dependent on renal function.

In acid urine, sulphadimidine is insoluble and may precipitate causing crystalline deposits that can cause urinary obstruction (crystalluria). Small amounts are eliminated in feaces and in bile, milk and other secretions.

Indications:

Is used in sulphadimidine-sesitive infections. It’s active against aerobic gram-positive cocci and some rods and many gram-negative rods including Enterobacteriaceae.

Sulphadiidine bolus is also active against Chlamydia, toxoplasma, and Coccidia.

Contraindications:

Renal or hepatic impairment, sulfonamides hypersensitivity, blood dyscrasias.

Side Effects:

Occasional crystalluria (ensure adequate water intake to the sick animal)

Withdrawal Period:

Cattle/calves slaughter 8 days: should not be used in cattle producing milk for human consumption.

Dosage:

Sheep/cattle: Initial dose 2 bolus for 50 kg and second dose 1 bolus for 50 kg for two days.

Presentation:

5 bolus/blister, 10 blisters/box

Storage: Store below 30 C in cool and dry place. Protect from light.

Keep out of reach of children.

PenStrep Injection bottle and box in red and dark blue color.

PenStrep 400 Injection

Ezatullah Mangal Cattle, Horse & Camel, Sheep & Goat, Veterinary Medicines

PenStrep 400
Composition:
Contains per ml:
Procaine penicillin G 200 mg
Dihydrostreptomycin sulphate 200 mg
Description:
Procaine penicillin G is a small-spectrum penicillin with bactericidal action against mainly Gram-positive bacteria (like Streptococci, Staphylococci, some Corynebacteria spp., Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae, Clostridia spp., Bacillus anthracis) and Gram-negative cocci, Leptospiracanicola, Campylobacter foetus and Actinomycesbovis.
Dihydrostreptomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, has bactericidal activity against mainly Gram-negative bacteria, like E. coli, Proteus vulgaris, Brucella spp., Salmonella spp., Shighella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pasteurella spp. And some Mycoplasmas. The combination acts additive and in some cases synergistic.
Indications:
Penstrep 20/20 Inj. Is effective against infections caused by micro-organisms susceptible to penicillin or dihydrostreptomycin, like respiratory, uterine and alimentary infections, metritis, mastitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, septicaemia, cystitis, joint-ill and secondary bacterial infections in cattle, horses, pigs, foals, calves, sheep and goats.
Contra-indications:
Don not administer to animals hypersensitive to penicillin, aminoglycosides and/or procaine. Do not administer to animals with an impaired renal function, disturbances of auditory or vestibular organs. Don not use in small herbivores like rabbits, chinchillas and guinea pigs, not for prolonged use in pregnant animals because of the risk of toxicity to the foetus.
Side-effect:
Prolonged administration of high doses may result in renal, vestibular and/or auditory dysfunctions sometimes.
Incompatibility with other drugs or substances:
Penstrep 20/20 inj. Is incompatible with fast-acting bacteriostatic antimicrobial drugs (e.g. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin) and with anaesthetics or other neuromuscular blocking agents (because of respiratory depression and apnoea).
Dosage and administration:
For intramuscular injection. Shake well before use.
General dose: 1ml per 25 kg bodyweight daily, during 3-4 days. In severe cases this dose may be doubled.
Withdrawal period:
Meat: 10 days
Milk: 3 days
Storage:
Store in a dry, dark place between 8 C and 15 C.
Keep medicine away from children.